Contingencies of Reinforcement. Chapter 5: Operant behavior. Quote 11

“The manipulation of independent variables appears to be circumvented when, instead of exposing an organism to a set of contingencies, the contingencies are simply described in “instructions.” . . . A history of reinforcement or punishment is replaced by a promise or threat: “Movement of the lever will sometimes operate a coin dispenser” or “… deliver a shock to your leg.” (p. 114)

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